| Definition
of music
is a contested aesthetic evaluation of what constitutes music.
Music is an art, entertainment, or other human activity which
involves organized sound. Definitions vary as music, like
art, is subjectively perceived phenomenon. Its definition
has been tackled by philosophers, lexicographers, composers,
teachers, semioticians or semiologists, linguists, scientists,
and musicians.
Music is organized in time and consists of pitch, rhythm,
harmony, and timbre. Organizing musical sound is part of composition
and improvisation.
Etymology of the word 'music' The word music
comes from the Greek mousikê (tekhnê) by way of
the Latin musica. It is ultimately derived from mousa, the
Greek word for muse. In ancient Greece, the word mousike was
used to mean any of the arts or sciences governed by the Muses.
Later, in Rome, ars musica embraced poetry as well as instrument-oriented
music. In the European Middle Ages, musica was part of the
mathematical quadrivium - arithmetics, geometry, astronomy
and musica. The concept of musica was split into three major
kinds: musica universalis, musica humana, and musica instrumentalis.
Of those, only the last - musica instrumentalis - referred
to music as performed sound.
Musica universalis or musica mundana referred
to the order of the universe, as god had created it in "measure,
number and weight". The proportions of the spheres of
the planets and stars (which at the time were still thought
to revolve around the earth) were perceived as a form of music,
without necessarily implying that any sound would be heard
- music refers strictly to the mathematical proportions. From
this concept later resulted the romantic idea of a music of
the spheres.
Musica humana designated the proportions
of the human body. These were thought to reflect the proportions
of the Heavens and as such, to be an expression of god's greatness.
To Medieval thinking, all things were connected with each
other - a mode of thought that finds its traces today in the
occult sciences or esoteric thought - ranging from astrology
to believing certain minerals have certain beneficiary effects.
Musica instrumentalis, finally, was the lowliest
of the three disciplines and referred to the manifestation
of those same mathematical proportions in sound - be it sung
or played on instruments. The polyphonic organization of different
melodies to sound at the same time was still a relatively
new invention then, and it is understandable that the mathematical
or physical relationships in frequency that give rise to the
musical intervals as we hear them, should be foremost among
the preoccupations of Medieval musicians.
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