| Definition
of music
is a contested aesthetic evaluation of what constitutes
music. Music is an art, entertainment, or other human
activity which involves organized sound. Definitions
vary as music, like art, is subjectively perceived phenomenon.
Its definition has been tackled by philosophers, lexicographers,
composers, teachers, semioticians or semiologists, linguists,
scientists, and musicians.
Music is organized in time and consists of pitch, rhythm,
harmony, and timbre. Organizing musical sound is part
of composition and improvisation.
Etymology of the word 'music' The word
music comes from the Greek mousikê (tekhnê)
by way of the Latin musica. It is ultimately derived
from mousa, the Greek word for muse. In ancient Greece,
the word mousike was used to mean any of the arts or
sciences governed by the Muses. Later, in Rome, ars
musica embraced poetry as well as instrument-oriented
music. In the European Middle Ages, musica was part
of the mathematical quadrivium - arithmetics, geometry,
astronomy and musica. The concept of musica was split
into three major kinds: musica universalis, musica humana,
and musica instrumentalis. Of those, only the last -
musica instrumentalis - referred to music as performed
sound.
Musica universalis or musica mundana
referred to the order of the universe, as god had created
it in "measure, number and weight". The proportions
of the spheres of the planets and stars (which at the
time were still thought to revolve around the earth)
were perceived as a form of music, without necessarily
implying that any sound would be heard - music refers
strictly to the mathematical proportions. From this
concept later resulted the romantic idea of a music
of the spheres.
Musica humana designated the proportions
of the human body. These were thought to reflect the
proportions of the Heavens and as such, to be an expression
of god's greatness. To Medieval thinking, all things
were connected with each other - a mode of thought that
finds its traces today in the occult sciences or esoteric
thought - ranging from astrology to believing certain
minerals have certain beneficiary effects.
Musica instrumentalis, finally, was
the lowliest of the three disciplines and referred to
the manifestation of those same mathematical proportions
in sound - be it sung or played on instruments. The
polyphonic organization of different melodies to sound
at the same time was still a relatively new invention
then, and it is understandable that the mathematical
or physical relationships in frequency that give rise
to the musical intervals as we hear them, should be
foremost among the preoccupations of Medieval musicians.
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